第二道菜：
并列连词和从属连词
⊙ 江西峡江中学 肖勇生
综观近几年全国各省市的高考题，我们发现均加大了对连词应用的考查。由此可见连词在英语学习和运用中的重要性，下面我们结合相关的例句和知识点来分析和掌握连词的考查方向和内容。
一、并列连词
1. 表并列关系（联合关系）： and, but, not…but, not only…but（ａｌｓｏ）, neither…nor等。
【注意1】 both…and（两者都……），连接句子的两个主语时，其后谓语动词通常用使用复数形式；not only…but（ａｌｓｏ）与neither…nor则采取“就近原则”。
如： She plays not only the piano, but （also） the guitar.
Neither you nor he is to blame.
【注意2】 not only…but （also）与as well as 两者强调对象不同： not only…but also强调的是but （also）之后部分，而as well as则强调其前面的部分。谓语动词单复数判断上not only…but （also）采取“就近原则”，而as well as，则采取“就远原则”。
如： Mr. Smith, as well as his wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a visit.
【注意3】 not only…but（also）结构中的not only可用于句首引导从句，在这种情况下该从句的主语和谓语要倒装。
如： Not only is he clever, but also he is hard working.
Not only did we write to her but also we telegraphed her.
2. 表转折关系： but, yet, still, while, however, when等。
【注意4】 while可以表示“尽管、即使”。另外，while还可以表示两者进行对比的用法。
如： Bob likes playing basket ball, while his brother likes football.
She has difficulty in learning English, however, she works hard and is making rapid progress.
3. 表选择关系： or, otherwise, or else, either…or等。
【注意5】 either…or句型中谓语的单复数形式也要采取“就近原则”。
如： We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train.
Either Jim or you are going to attend the course.
4.表因果关系： for, since, because, as, so, thus, therefore, and so等。
如： We had better stay at home, for it was raining.
He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination.
He was late for class because he got up late.
二、从属连词
1. when, while, as都表示“当……时候”： when引导的从句的动作与主句的动作可同时发生，也可先后发生; as和while引导的从句则强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。
如： When I got to the station, the train had already left.
He sang merrily as he was working.
2. till, until均表示“到……时候为止”，肯定句中的谓语必须是延续性动作；若主句谓语是终止性动词，则主句要用否定形式，意为动作“到……才……”开始发生。
如： I worked till late at night.
She didn’t get up until her mother came in.
【注意6】 till和until通常情况下可以互换，只是在句首时until比till更常用。
3. though, although均引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然……”，但although较正式，though最常用。
如： We had to wait half an hour although we had already booked a table.
【注意7】 though和although引导的从句不能与but／however连用，但可以与yet／still连用。though还可以与别的词结合使用，如even though／as though, although则不能这样搭配。
4. no sooner…than, hardly…when, as soon as三者都表示“一……就”，“刚刚……就”的意思。
【注意8】 as soon as 置于主句前后都可以，而且各种时态均可作用。
如： As soon as she gets here I’ll tell her about it.
【注意9】 hardly…when, no sooner…than不能表示将来的事，其主句的谓语动词一般用过去完成时，从句则用过去时。若将hardly或no sooner放在句首，句子要倒装。
如： She had hardly reached there when it began to rain.
5. 某些表示时间的名词（词组）也可用作从属连词引导时间状语从句。它们是：the moment, the minute, the instant, the day, the time, the first （ｓｅcond, third…）time, the spring （summer, autumn, winter）, every（ｅａｃｈ）, next, ａｎｙ time（ｄay）, by the time等。
如： His mother died the spring he returned.
Call me up the minute he arrives.
6. if, once, unless, in case四者都表示“条件”，但if意为“如果、假使”；once意为“一旦”；unless意为“除非”；in case意为“万一、以防”。
如： I won’t call you, unless something unexpected happens.
Once you begin, you must continue.
7. after， since， till／until, before这些词既是介词，又是连词。
如： The children went home at once after school.
They went to bed after they had finished the job.
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